Location and Function of the Pons in the Human Brain

In Latin, the word pons literally means bridge. The pons is a portion of the hindbrain that connects the cerebral cortex with the medulla oblongata. It also serves as a communications and coordination center between the two hemispheres of the brain. As a part of the brainstem, the pons helps in the transferring of nervous system messages between various parts of the brain and the spinal cord. Function The pons is involved in several functions of the body including: ArousalAutonomic function: breathing regulationRelaying sensory information between the cerebrum and cerebellumSleep Several cranial nerves originate in the pons. The largest cranial nerve, the trigeminal nerve aids in facial sensation and chewing. The abducens nerve assists in eye movement. The facial nerve enables facial movement and expressions. It also aids in our sense of taste and swallowing. The vestibulocochlear nerve aids in hearing and helps us maintain our equilibrium. The pons  helps to regulate the respiratory system by assisting the medulla oblongata in controlling breathing rate. The pons is also involved in the control of sleep cycles and the regulation of deep sleep. The pons activates inhibitory centers in the medulla in order to inhibit movement during sleep. Another primary function of the pons is to connect the forebrain with the hindbrain. It connects the cerebrum to the cerebellum through the cerebral peduncle. The cerebral peduncle is the anterior portion of the midbrain that consists of large nerve tracts. The pons relays sensory information between the cerebrum and cerebellum. Functions under the control of the cerebellum include  fine motor coordination and control, balance, equilibrium, muscle tone, fine motor coordination, and a sense of body position. Location Directionally, the pons is superior to the medulla oblongata and inferior to the midbrain. Sagittally, it is anterior to the cerebellum and posterior to the pituitary gland. The fourth ventricle runs posteriorly to the pons and medulla in the brainstem. Pons Injury Damage to the pons can result in serious problems as this brain area is important for connecting areas of the brain that control autonomic functions and movement. Injury to the pons may result in sleep disturbances, sensory problems, arousal dysfunction and coma. Locked-in syndrome is a condition resulting from damage to nerve pathways in the pons that connect the cerebrum, spinal cord, and cerebellum. The damage disrupts voluntary muscle control leading to quadriplegia and the inability to speak. Individuals with locked-in syndrome are consciously aware of what is going on around them but are unable to move any parts of their bodies except for their eyes and eyelids. They communicate by blinking or moving their eyes. Locked-in syndrome is most commonly caused by decreased blood flow to the pons or bleeding in the pons. These symptoms are often the result of blood clot or stroke. Damage to the myelin sheath of nerve cells in the pons results in a condition called central pontine myelinolysis. The myelin sheath is an insulating layer of lipids and proteins that help neurons conduct nerve impulses more efficiently. Central pontine myelinolysis can result in difficulty swallowing and speaking, as well as paralysis. A blockage of the arteries that supply blood to the pons can cause a type of stroke known as lacunar stroke. This type of stroke occurs deep within the brain and typically only involves a small portion of the brain.  Individuals suffering from a lacunar stroke may experience numbness, paralysis, loss of memory,  difficulty in speaking or walking, coma, or death. Divisions of the Brain Forebrain: encompasses the cerebral cortex and brain lobes.Midbrain: connects the forebrain to the hindbrain.Hindbrain: regulates autonomic functions and coordinates movement.

An Absence of Morality in Shakespeare´s Richard III

During Shakespeares time, it was not uncommon for people to use unethical tactics to gain positions of power, these methods could range from simple bribing or much more elaborate planned assassinations of important figureheads. The practice of using unethical means to gain power is a common theme in history, even up to modern politics, many politicians will provide one-sided pieces of information to make their competition look bad. In William Shakespeares wonderfully written tragedy â€Å"Richard III†, the main villain appears to have no moral character, doing whatever he deems necessary to achieve his goal of becoming king. Richard kills his own brother because he feels it is necessary if he is going to take the throne, and to hide his motives he is quite adept at putting up facades of love. Early on in the play Richard is talking to his brother Clarence regarding his imprisonment, telling him that â€Å"...your imprisonment shall not be long. I will deliver you or else lie for you...simple, plain clarence, I do love thee so that i will shortly send thy soul to heaven† (Richard-I. i. 117-23). To prevent Clarence from interfering with his elaborate plan to steal the throne, he is going to kill him. Richard emphasizes his lack of morality by doing whatever he deems necessary to take the throne, with no regard to who he has to kill. By appearing to be a loving brother, he takes suspicion off of himself for when Clarence is killed. When the murderers Richard hires to kill ClarenceShow MoreRelatedRichard IIi, By William Shakespeare1168 Words   |  5 PagesChildren bring out the underlying dispositi on and wicked intentions we all possess. Richard III, by William Shakespeare, is a tragic play about the Duke of Gloucester who desires to be the king of England. He does this through the manipulation and murder of many characters, including Queen Elizabeth’s children, Prince Edward and the Duke of York. 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Abnormal Psychology Problem Excessive Use Of Marijuana And Alcohol Essay Example For Students

Abnormal Psychology Problem: Excessive Use Of Marijuana And Alcohol Essay Case StudyAbnormal PsychologyProblem Excessive use of marijuana and alcohol, especially within the last 2 years. Kurt began drinking and using marijuana at age 14 and by age 15 referred to theusage as heavy. Despite recently being caught for the theft of his parents TYME card and $400, which resulted in him being forced to join an AODA group, he stillcontinues to use on a regular basis. He has also gone to work while intoxicated and attended a school dance under the influence of marijuana. As a result he was fired from his job and had to undergo a urine screen in order to again be allowed back into his particular school. Regardless of these consequences, 17-year-old Kurt still uses. Background InformationDemographic: Male, age 17, white. Early life: The youngest son in a two parent family, one older brother, one deceased brother, and a younger sister. The oldest son was killed in a freak accident about six years ago. Kurt expresses that since the accident (which he doesnt remember) home life as been difficult. His mom has psychological and AODA issues and has been diagnosed with Munchausen syndrome. He had a good relationship with his father. Relationship with brother not very good. Current home life: Lives at home with both parents and younger sister in a single family house. Remaining older brother moved out, recently. Average middle-class neighborhood. Social life: Many friends with three to four being close. He enjoys being around people most of thetime. Education: Currently attends a parochial school, is on schedule for graduation. Hes in the 11th grade and getting passing grades (C-average). Employment: Currently working part-time after school and weekends. Previous job-he was fired for showing up intoxicated, however, has managed to keep a summertime job for the last two years. Military: N/AHealth: He rated current health as poor, stating bad lungs from previous bouts with pneumonia, and a bad back due to a 17% curvature of the spine causing muscle spasms in his lower back. Limitations: NoneMood: No history of depression or mania. Sleep: Occasional nightmares (2 to 3 times monthly). Appetite: No problems. Sexual function: N/AHistory of lost consciousness: Has passed out while drinking. Hospitalization: Twice for pneumonia. Medication: NoneAlcohol/drug use: Heavy use of marijuana and frequent useof alcohol. Has also experimented with narcotics which were stolen from his mother. Hallucinogens, including acid and shrooms. He is also a pack-a-day cigarette smoker. Observations and BehaviorsAttitude: Good rapport during interview, very cooperative,frank, and open. Appearance: Unremarkable. Motor: Posture slumped, seemed nervous, a little agitated,but held eye contact. Speech: Adequate and average. Language: Good vocabulary, normal. Attention: Adequate. Memory: Could not remember exact year his brother died. Otherwise, memory seemed fine, with accurate detail. Mood: No depression or mania. Has had occasional thoughts of suicide, but never attempted. In the past has had anger- management problem, and saw a therapist (after complaints by teachers) from 1987 to 1990. Affect: Appropriate and normal. Self-appraisal: Adequate. Insight: Consistent with abilities. Judgment: Adequate. Thoughts: Appropriate to content, no phobias, obsessions, etc. Perception: Normal. Attitude towards illness: Recognizes he has a problem, but doesnt see it as serious, therefore is not very motivated to fix, or work on the problem. DiagnosisAxis I: Substance abuse, particularly alcohol and cannabis, bordering on substance dependence. Axis II: N/AAxis III: Curvature of the spine. Axis IV: Mother with significant psychological problems combined with AODA issues due to death of oldest son. Axis V: 90Support for diagnosisSubstance abuse-Despite being caught numerous times for drinking and drug use, and suffering the resulting consequences, Kurt refuses to abstain from participating in these illegal activities. I initially thought that oppositional defiant disorder may be a more appropriate diagnosis, but the negative, defiant, and hostile aspects are not really present. Kurt seems defiant only in order to obtain the alcohol or drugs he wants. This attitude doesnt carry over into other aspects of his life. .ufe0c7922871eb4d0fd5af1de0a56bb1a , .ufe0c7922871eb4d0fd5af1de0a56bb1a .postImageUrl , .ufe0c7922871eb4d0fd5af1de0a56bb1a .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ufe0c7922871eb4d0fd5af1de0a56bb1a , .ufe0c7922871eb4d0fd5af1de0a56bb1a:hover , .ufe0c7922871eb4d0fd5af1de0a56bb1a:visited , .ufe0c7922871eb4d0fd5af1de0a56bb1a:active { border:0!important; } .ufe0c7922871eb4d0fd5af1de0a56bb1a .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ufe0c7922871eb4d0fd5af1de0a56bb1a { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ufe0c7922871eb4d0fd5af1de0a56bb1a:active , .ufe0c7922871eb4d0fd5af1de0a56bb1a:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ufe0c7922871eb4d0fd5af1de0a56bb1a .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ufe0c7922871eb4d0fd5af1de0a56bb1a .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ufe0c7922871eb4d0fd5af1de0a56bb1a .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ufe0c7922871eb4d0fd5af1de0a56bb1a .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ufe0c7922871eb4d0fd5af1de0a56bb1a:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ufe0c7922871eb4d0fd5af1de0a56bb1a .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ufe0c7922871eb4d0fd5af1de0a56bb1a .ufe0c7922871eb4d0fd5af1de0a56bb1a-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ufe0c7922871eb4d0fd5af1de0a56bb1a:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Frito-Lays Dips EssayTreatmentI recommend continued AODA group therapy, but also think individual talk therapy would benefit. I feel that the substance abuse is a symptom of an underlying problem, probably the result of the stressors at home. He may alsobe experiencing some mild depression and suffer from low self-esteem. Psychology Essays

Arts Week Essay Example For Students

Arts Week Essay Popular Culture and the Arts Student Name University of Phoenix ARTS/125-Pop Culture and the Arts The purpose Of this paper is to analyze my perceptions Of Popular Culture and the Arts. My very own definitions of and how they influence my cultural perception Of the world will be discussed. My definitions of and how these terms relate to my definition of art will also be discussed. My definition of is really anything that l, as an individual, find aesthetically pleasing, Art can be a painting, photograph, a song, a lump of clay, an advertisement, etc. Just about anything hat someone creates; that someone else is inclined to appreciate and look at can be considered art. Transcends art, in that it refines Fine art demonstrates a deeper focus, or even a specific talent, that an average person may not posses. For example, art might well describe a human stick-figure. However, fine art would describe the painting of a human figure, which expressed more extreme detail, or a specific talent that has much more detail within it, A special focus that is over and above what others may only think to mention. Which is more commonly referred to as ?C, -Poop is simply the art that is most appreciated y a larger portion of any given population. An is term lacking a more precise definition for me. Things that could be mass-produced as a result of some aspect of pop culture, such as a sign, a button, a sticker, etc. , could all be considered artifacts. They could incorporate some aspects Of art within their composition, but a weak representation of actual art. The dictionary defines art as quality, production, expression, or realm, according to aesthetic principles, of what is beautiful, appealing, or of more than ordinary (Art, 2009). Shimmer College defines fine art as ERM used to distinguish artworks considered to have rare and refined quality, often considered . By those who make such judgments . To be more worthy of preservation and study than or (Shimmer College, 2009). Encyclopedia Britannica defines popular art as dance, literature, music, theatre, or other art form intended to be received and appreciated by ordinary people in a literate, technologically advanced society dominated by urban (Encyclopedia Britannica, 2009). The dictionary defines an artifact as mass-produced, usually inexpensive object reflecting contemporary society or popular (artifact, 2009). The terms of art, tine art, popular art, and artifact, do influence my cultural perception of the worlds There are aspects of art that do identity with a specific culture, like Mexican dress, Mexican music, and even Mexican food. The culture in which live is a great melting pot of cultures, and as such, am exposed to mixes and blends of music, dress, food, etc, that all come together to illustrate the culture in which IEEE_ identify With these aspects Of my culture. I have German and Scottish ancestry, but these things are not exactly part of the culture that identify With. Identify With them as part Of my heritage, but find hat they are of only minor influence in cultural identity living here in the united States. My definition Of culture is more or less how people typically dress, believe, the food they like to eat, etc. Living in San Diego as I do, find that my culture is more heavily influenced by Mexican culture that have seen in more northern areas of the United States. This me ans that it all that uncommon to hear people speaking more Spangling, eating proportionately more Mexican food, and even adopting more Mexican/Spanish styles (houses with terracotta tiles, etc). Even find that get along even better by being able to speak some Spanish as well. This is my culture. Elite culture is not something that I feel all that well suited to define. However, believe that elite culture comprises a culture that is experienced by a smaller group of people. A more elite culture. Lawyers might have more of an elite culture amongst themselves. Pop culture is a much easier term to define personally; it is the culture standards that are most widely accepted within a given population. .u9b0e8e07628119c70a2688f7e1bf8ad9 , .u9b0e8e07628119c70a2688f7e1bf8ad9 .postImageUrl , .u9b0e8e07628119c70a2688f7e1bf8ad9 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u9b0e8e07628119c70a2688f7e1bf8ad9 , .u9b0e8e07628119c70a2688f7e1bf8ad9:hover , .u9b0e8e07628119c70a2688f7e1bf8ad9:visited , .u9b0e8e07628119c70a2688f7e1bf8ad9:active { border:0!important; } .u9b0e8e07628119c70a2688f7e1bf8ad9 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u9b0e8e07628119c70a2688f7e1bf8ad9 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u9b0e8e07628119c70a2688f7e1bf8ad9:active , .u9b0e8e07628119c70a2688f7e1bf8ad9:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u9b0e8e07628119c70a2688f7e1bf8ad9 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u9b0e8e07628119c70a2688f7e1bf8ad9 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u9b0e8e07628119c70a2688f7e1bf8ad9 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u9b0e8e07628119c70a2688f7e1bf8ad9 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u9b0e8e07628119c70a2688f7e1bf8ad9:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u9b0e8e07628119c70a2688f7e1bf8ad9 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u9b0e8e07628119c70a2688f7e1bf8ad9 .u9b0e8e07628119c70a2688f7e1bf8ad9-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u9b0e8e07628119c70a2688f7e1bf8ad9:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The People, Leisure, And Cultures Of Blacks During The Harlem Renaissa EssayEthnocentrism, believe, is the belief that 0,van race is better than others A trend would be to follow a given style, or that sort of thing. A fad would be similar to a trend, but it would be far more temporary in nature Princeton Worsened defines culture as ?CNN?all the knowledge and values shared by a society?C,?FL (Worsened, 2009). The Louisiana Division of the Arts defines elite culture as ?CNN?the culture and knowledge handed down, learned, and taught officially through formal institutions such as schools, colleges, museums, and conservatories as opposed to folk or popular (Louisiana Division Of The Arts, 1999). The dictionary defines popular culture as ?C, -?contemporary lifestyle and items that are well known and generally accepted, cultural patterns that are widespread within a population,-?CLC (pop culture, 2009). The University of Nebraska Kerrey defines Ethnocentrism as AC,-?the tendency of most people to use their own way of life as a standard for judging others; now also indicates the belief, on the part of most individuals, that their race, culture, society, etc. , are superior to all (Nun. Du, 2009), Answers. Mom defines a trend as general direction in which something tends to (Answers. Com, 2009). The Free Dictionary defines a fad as intense but short-lived fashion: the skateboard (The Free Dictionary, 2009). My own definition of art is not so erectly tied to the terms of culture, elite culture, pop culture, ethnocentrism, trend or even tad. Sure that they have eave had an influence on my perspectives, but for the most part feel as though my biggest appreciation for art has come f rom my parents and my grandfather. Not because of their cultural views, but because they took me to see things that they felt were beautiful and special. I cannot say that these visits with art meant a lot to me at the time, but in a way think they may have helped to program me. Have an appreciation for art, but not because of my race, or because it is popular, but because it is special and beautiful. Trends and fads happen and die, but I still feel the same way towards what would deem as real art. Since I endeavor to maintain an open mind, I look to anything new With as little bias as possible. Even tend to shun the very things that seem to scream out a sense of superiority due to the race card being played, because I do not believe that race is a valid factor in the appreciation Of art at all. It is little more than a bias, and truly believe that talent is race-blind. The real bottom line in all Of this is that believe the world has talented people in it. Believe that they may have biases and otherwise feel the impa ct of their culture s it is expressed in their art. However, I do not believe that race or culture truly plays such a big part in the appreciation of said art.